Among gynecological cancer types, cervical (cervix), uterine (endometrial), ovarian (ovarian), and external genital organ (vulva and vagina) cancers are included. These types of cancer constitute 30-40% of cancer types occurring in women.
Uterine Cancer (Endometrial):
It is the most common gynecological cancer type, typically occurring after menopause. Factors triggering this cancer type include obesity, early menstruation, late menopause after the age of 55, estrogen hormone therapy, polycystic ovary syndrome, a family history of cancer, high blood pressure, and diabetes. The most significant symptom is severe vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is made through pelvic examination, ultrasound, and endometrial biopsy. Treatment involves surgery to remove the uterus and ovaries along with lymph nodes. If necessary, radiotherapy may be recommended as an advanced treatment.
Cervical Cancer:
The most noticeable symptom of cervical cancer, detectable through a smear test, is bloody vaginal discharge after sexual intercourse. In advanced stages, bleeding and pain may also occur. This type of cancer originates in the cervix, and the primary cause is the sexually transmitted HPV virus. Surgical and radiotherapy are the two methods used in the treatment of cervical cancers. To prevent this cancer type, HPV vaccination, routine smear and HPV screening tests, and condom use during sexual intercourse are recommended. In the early stages, a simple LEEP operation to clean the cervix is often sufficient. In later stages, the entire uterus and lymph nodes may be removed.
Ovarian Cancer:
It is the most risky cancer type among gynecological cancers. Routine gynecological ultrasound is crucial for the early diagnosis of this cancer, which often shows no early symptoms. Despite not showing symptoms in the early stages, abdominal swelling, groin and abdominal pain, and fatigue can be indicators of this cancer type. To prevent this cancer, avoiding smoking and alcohol, maintaining a healthy diet, and using birth control pills are crucial. Ovarian cancer can be treated with surgical interventions. Chemotherapy may also be administered after surgery in advanced cases.
Vulvar Cancer:
It is typically seen in older ages and occurs in the outer region of the vagina. It may start as a change in skin color or a wound in this area. It is generally necessary to suspect unexplained itching. It is less common compared to other cancer types. Advanced age, HPV infection, HIV, cervical cancer and hysterectomy history, smoking, and certain skin diseases are among the triggering factors for the development of this cancer type. Treatment is determined based on the patient's age, medical history, and the stage of cancer. Surgical, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy applications can be simultaneously used during the treatment process.
Vaginal Cancer:
It is the least common type among gynecological cancer types and occurs in the cells on the inner surface of the vagina. Symptoms include unexplained vaginal bleeding, watery vaginal discharge, masses in the vagina, frequent urination, pain during urination, constipation, and pelvic pain.
This text is for informational purposes only. Consultation with a specialist should be sought when necessary.
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